--- title: Differences Between Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) & Chronic Trauma Encephalopathy (CTE) description: Both PCS and CTE are considered neurological disorders which are long-term effects of a concussion. While both can have similar symptoms, there are differences. image: https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/hubfs/Differences%20Between%20Post-Concussion%20Syndrome%20PCS%20%26%20Chronic%20Trauma%20Encephalopathy%20(CTE).png --- ![Light-Mode-Sun-Icon-SVG](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/hubfs/Sun.svg) ![Dark-Mode-Moon-Icon-SVG](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/hubfs/moon.svg) ###### 280 W River Park Drive Suite 110 Provo, UT ###### [+1 385 446-4161](tel:+13854464161) ###### [hello@cognitivefxusa.com](mailto:hello@cognitivefxusa.com) [![Main_Logo_500px 1](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/hubfs/Main_Logo_500px%201.svg) ](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/) [**Get Started** ](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/2921058/881eced2-ed9a-4b23-a8ba-b17b0921e4b3) - [Brain Injury Treatments](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/treatment) ![down arrow](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/hubfs/down-arrow-1.svg) ### Your Treatment ###### [Post-Concussion Syndrome Treatment Our intensive EPIC program helps patients recover from symptoms that haven't responded to traditional care.](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/treatment) ###### [POTS Treatment POTS treatment clinic using neurological retraining, vestibular recalibration & CO₂ therapy. 5-day intensive program in Utah.](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/pots-treatment) ###### [Viral Brain Injury Treatment Long Covid-19, Post-Treatment Lyme, Encephalitis. 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Differences Between Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) & Chronic Trauma Encephalopathy (CTE) # Differences Between Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) & Chronic Trauma Encephalopathy (CTE) ![Image of Cognitive FX Team](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/hubfs/Rounded-C-R.jpg) Cognitive FX Team • Updated on 09 September, 2021 • Medically Reviewed by [Dr. Alina Fong](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/author/dr-alina-fong-phd) [mailto:?subject=Check%20out%20https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/differences-between-post-concussion-syndrome-pcs-chronic-trauma-encephalopathy-cte%20&body=Check%20out%20https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/differences-between-post-concussion-syndrome-pcs-chronic-trauma-encephalopathy-cte&media=https://info.cognitivefxusa.com/hubfs/Differences%20Between%20Post-Concussion%20Syndrome%20PCS%20&%20Chronic%20Trauma%20Encephalopathy%20%28CTE%29.png](mailto:?subject=Check%20out%20https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/differences-between-post-concussion-syndrome-pcs-chronic-trauma-encephalopathy-cte%20&body=Check%20out%20https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/differences-between-post-concussion-syndrome-pcs-chronic-trauma-encephalopathy-cte&media=https://info.cognitivefxusa.com/hubfs/Differences%20Between%20Post-Concussion%20Syndrome%20PCS%20&%20Chronic%20Trauma%20Encephalopathy%20%28CTE%29.png) A concussion is a traumatic brain injury (TBI) which is caused by the brain hitting the skull. This can happen in sports, car accidents, falling, or anything similar. A concussion can even be the result of a whiplash. Whenever the body moves quickly back and forth and the brain in turn hits the inside of the skull, it can result in a concussion. A concussion can cause damage to nerves and neurons, alter the blood flow in the brain, and cause chemical and functionality changes in the brain. Both Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) are considered neurological disorders which are long-term effects of concussion(s). While both can have similar symptoms, it is important to note the differences between them. We will review the differences from cause to treatment between [Post-Concussion Syndrome](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/4-components-of-successful-concussion-treatment) and CTE. ### **PCS & CTE – Causes** **Post-Concussion Syndrome is a form of TBI and can be the result of one or multiple concussions.** While it is still unclear what exactly contributes to an individual having PCS, it is important to follow the return to play protocol which appropriately helps individuals know when to rest and when to start being more active again. Previously it was believed that 80%+ of individuals would recover from a concussion within a year or so. Recent research done by Christine Mac Donald, PhD an Associate Professor in the Department of Neurological Surgery at the University of Washington is finding that “80% of blast concussion patients sought assistance for mental health issues by 5 year follow up BUT only 18% had sustained resolution of their symptoms.”[1] While this research was specifically done with Military personnel it has important findings about those who sustain concussions and have PCS. **CTE is caused not only by multiple concussions but also by sub-concussive impacts to the brain, where the brain is jolted regularly, but not enough to cause concussion.** CTE also seems to be the result over time as concussions resolve but then another concussion is sustained. There is still much we do not understand about CTE as research continues to explore this degenerative disorder.  ### **PCS & CTE – Symptoms** **PCS [symptoms that continue](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/concussion-affects-brain/) after an injury can include:** - Memory Loss - Headaches - Inability to Focus - Dizziness - Sensitivity to Light/Noise - Fatigue - and More Post-Concussion Syndrome can also **influence one’s ability to live and enjoy life** because **the brain is simply not working properly**. **CTE symptoms include:** - Problems with Anxiety and Depression - Impulse Control - and Mood Swings **These symptoms alone do not diagnose CTE** and can be related to many other disorders and health concerns. If someone has these symptoms they may not necessarily have CTE.  ### **PCS & CTE – Diagnosis** **PCS** is real and **can be diagnosed by a healthcare professiona**l. Typically, if concussion symptoms persist longer than 3 months a patient is diagnosed with PCS. Research is showing that these symptoms can last anywhere from months to years. **CTE is also real but cannot be diagnosed until after death with a brain biopsy**. There is currently no other science-based method to officially diagnose CTE.  ### **PCS & CTE – Treatment** **PCS can be treated** with the correct [multi-disciplinary team and imaging technology](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/epic-concussion-treatment) that clearly assess brain function and dysfunction. Since there is no known test to diagnose someone with CTE, **treatment of CTE may be geared more towards reducing symptoms rather than fixing the brain**. Overall, PCS & CTE are both real effects of concussions. These diagnoses need to be taken seriously and can influence the quality of life not only for those dealing with the effects, but for their families and friends. We have spent over a decade [researching the brain and concussions](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/research/). The more **we continue to learn about the brain** and PCS the more **we realize how important it is to take care of your brain**. We also know that being able to live your life to the fullest is very important. At CFX, we focus more on Post-Concussion Syndrome and other neurological disorders than CTE, as we have found a way to effectively measure treatment outcomes for those associated with PCS. ***References:*** [1] EVOLVE Study, Webinar Slides Pg. 50 (Available Upon Request) Mac Donald CL, Barber J, Jordan M, Johnson AM, Dikmen S, Fann JR, Temkin N. Early Clinical Predictors of 5-Year Outcome After Concussive Blast Traumatic Brain Injury. JAMA Neurol. 2017 May 1. PubMed PMID: 28459953   [![New Call-to-action](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/2921058/1e735647-4025-4dc8-8936-dd4495160d96.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/2921058/1e735647-4025-4dc8-8936-dd4495160d96) --- ![Image of Cognitive FX Team](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/hs-fs/hubfs/Rounded-C-R.jpg?height=150&name=Rounded-C-R.jpg) ### About the author [Cognitive FX Team](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/author/cognitive-fx-team) The "Cognitive FX Team" is a collaborative ensemble of distinguished doctors, therapists, and practitioners. Our experts are pioneers in the field of neuroimaging and concussion treatment. With extensive experience and a strong commitment to patient care, our team excels in utilizing cutting-edge technologies, such as functional MRI (fMRI), to provide personalized diagnostic and treatment strategies. Our renowned professionals have published groundbreaking research, developed innovative neuroimaging biomarkers, and conducted thousands of individualized patient assessments. We take pride in our holistic approach to patient care, focusing on physical, cognitive, and emotional aspects of recovery. As leaders in the industry, the Cognitive FX Team is dedicated to advancing the science of concussion diagnosis and treatment to provide our patients with the highest level of care and support. [Follow me on Facebook ](https://www.facebook.com/cognitivefx) ## Related Posts ![New Concussion Guide Now Available](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/hs-fs/hubfs/New%20Concussion%20Guide%20Now%20Available.png?height=175&name=New%20Concussion%20Guide%20Now%20Available.png) ### New Concussion Guide Now Available ![Image of Cognitive FX Team](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/hs-fs/hubfs/Rounded-C-R.jpg?height=70&name=Rounded-C-R.jpg) [Cognitive FX Team](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/author/cognitive-fx-team) Over the last few months[our team](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/team/?utm_campaign=News%20%26%20Updates%20from%20Cognitive%20FX&utm_source=hs_email&utm_medium=email&_hsenc=p2ANqtz-939x1EcPAFrFIGESAXKJpm8ASoszRhU1W2QHGyf0hgET0Gc-cdUTyaNH3Dg7O-MzOCxfmD)has been working on a new booklet to raise the level of awareness and education around concussions. [Read the full article ](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/new-concussion-guide-now-available) ![Benefits of a Booster Day](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/hs-fs/hubfs/Benefits%20of%20a%20Booster%20Day.png?height=175&name=Benefits%20of%20a%20Booster%20Day.png) ### Benefits of a Booster Day ![Image of Cognitive FX Team](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/hs-fs/hubfs/Rounded-C-R.jpg?height=70&name=Rounded-C-R.jpg) [Cognitive FX Team](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/author/cognitive-fx-team) Booster Days are designed to help previous Cognitive FX patients obtain additional support after [EPIC Treatment](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/epic-concussion-treatment) if needed. [Read the full article ](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/benefits-of-a-booster-day) ![Computerized Concussion Testing-1](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/hs-fs/hubfs/Computerized%20Concussion%20Testing-1.png?height=175&name=Computerized%20Concussion%20Testing-1.png) ### Computerized Concussion Testing ![Image of Cognitive FX Team](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/hs-fs/hubfs/Rounded-C-R.jpg?height=70&name=Rounded-C-R.jpg) [Cognitive FX Team](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/author/cognitive-fx-team) ## Computerized Concussion Tests As concern about sports concussion has continued to rise over the last few years, there has been some hope that large-scale baseline testing, such as computerized... [Read the full article ](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/computerized-concussion-testing) ![Employee Feature - April Crystal](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/hs-fs/hubfs/Employee%20Feature%20-%20April%20Crystal.png?height=175&name=Employee%20Feature%20-%20April%20Crystal.png) ### Employee Feature | April Crystal ![Image of Cognitive FX Team](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/hs-fs/hubfs/Rounded-C-R.jpg?height=70&name=Rounded-C-R.jpg) [Cognitive FX Team](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/author/cognitive-fx-team) April Crystal is one of our NeuroCognitive Therapists here at Cognitive FX. [Read the full article ](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/employee-feature-april-crystal) ![Active Rehabilitation Key to Successfully Recovering from Concussion](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/hs-fs/hubfs/Active%20Rehabilitation%20Key%20to%20Successfully%20Recovering%20from%20Concussion.png?height=175&name=Active%20Rehabilitation%20Key%20to%20Successfully%20Recovering%20from%20Concussion.png) ### Active Rehabilitation Key to Successfully Recovering from Concussion ![Image of Cognitive FX Team](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/hs-fs/hubfs/Rounded-C-R.jpg?height=70&name=Rounded-C-R.jpg) [Cognitive FX Team](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/author/cognitive-fx-team) For years the protocol has been to rest until symptoms stop, and that if you start participating in an activity and you experience symptoms to stop what you are doing and rest. In the first few weeks... [Read the full article ](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/active-rehabilitation-key-to-successfully-recovering-from-concussion) ![Employee Feature - Amber Klepacz ](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/hs-fs/hubfs/Employee%20Feature%20-%20Amber%20Klepacz%20.png?height=175&name=Employee%20Feature%20-%20Amber%20Klepacz%20.png) ### Employee Feature - Amber Klepacz ![Image of Cognitive FX Team](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/hs-fs/hubfs/Rounded-C-R.jpg?height=70&name=Rounded-C-R.jpg) [Cognitive FX Team](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/author/cognitive-fx-team) Amber received her Bachelor’s Degree in Athletic Training from Brigham Young University in December of 2016. She is a certified and licensed athletic trainer. She also works at the Missionary... [Read the full article ](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/employee-feature-amber-klepacz) #### Proven Results Improvement in 77% of Participants Published peer-reviewed research shows that Cognitive FX treatment leads to meaningful symptom reduction in post-concussion symptoms for 77% of study participants. Cognitive FX is the only PCS clinic with third-party validated treatment outcomes. 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All Rights Reserved. | [Privacy Policy](https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/differences-between-post-concussion-syndrome-pcs-chronic-trauma-encephalopathy-cte#) ```json { "@context" : "https://schema.org", "@type" : "BlogPosting", "author" : { "@type" : "Person", "name" : "Cognitive FX Team", "url" : "https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/author/cognitive-fx-team" }, "dateModified" : "2021-09-09T20:28:35.717Z", "datePublished" : "2017-07-18T13:17:00.000Z", "headline" : "Differences Between Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) & Chronic Trauma Encephalopathy (CTE)", "image" : [ "https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/hubfs/Differences%20Between%20Post-Concussion%20Syndrome%20PCS%20&%20Chronic%20Trauma%20Encephalopathy%20(CTE).png" ], "mainEntityOfPage" : { "@id" : "https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/differences-between-post-concussion-syndrome-pcs-chronic-trauma-encephalopathy-cte", "@type" : "WebPage" }, "publisher" : { "@type" : "Organization", "logo" : { "@type" : "ImageObject", "url" : "https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/hubfs/Cognitive-Final-Logo-BlBlk-Med.png" }, "name" : "Cognitive FX" } } ``` ```json { "@context" : "https://schema.org", "@type" : "Article", "about" : { "@type" : "MedicalCondition", "name" : "" }, "audience" : { "@type" : "Audience", "audienceType" : [ "patient", "caregiver" ] }, "author" : { "@type" : "Person", "affiliation" : { "@type" : "MedicalOrganization", "name" : "Cognitive FX", "url" : "https://www.cognitivefxusa.com" }, "name" : "Cognitive FX Team" }, "dateModified" : "09 September, 2021", "datePublished" : "2017-07-18 13:17:00", "description" : "Both PCS and CTE are considered neurological disorders which are long-term effects of a concussion. 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This can happen in sports, car accidents, falling, or anything similar. A concussion can even be the result of a whiplash. Whenever the body moves quickly back and forth and the brain in turn hits the inside of the skull, it can result in a concussion. A concussion can cause damage to nerves and neurons, alter the blood flow in the brain, and cause chemical and functionality changes in the brain. Both Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) are considered neurological disorders which are long-term effects of concussion(s). While both can have similar symptoms, it is important to note the differences between them. We will review the differences from cause to treatment between Post-Concussion Syndrome and CTE. PCS & CTE – Causes Post-Concussion Syndrome is a form of TBI and can be the result of one or multiple concussions. While it is still unclear what exactly contributes to an individual having PCS, it is important to follow the return to play protocol which appropriately helps individuals know when to rest and when to start being more active again. Previously it was believed that 80%+ of individuals would recover from a concussion within a year or so. Recent research done by Christine Mac Donald, PhD an Associate Professor in the Department of Neurological Surgery at the University of Washington is finding that \"80% of blast concussion patients sought assistance for mental health issues by 5 year follow up BUT only 18% had sustained resolution of their symptoms.\"[1] While this research was specifically done with Military personnel it has important findings about those who sustain concussions and have PCS. CTE is caused not only by multiple concussions but also by sub-concussive impacts to the brain, where the brain is jolted regularly, but not enough to cause concussion. CTE also seems to be the result over time as concussions resolve but then another concussion is sustained. There is still much we do not understand about CTE as research continues to explore this degenerative disorder. PCS & CTE – Symptoms PCS symptoms that continue after an injury can include: Memory Loss Headaches Inability to Focus Dizziness Sensitivity to Light/Noise Fatigue and More Post-Concussion Syndrome can also influence one's ability to live and enjoy life because the brain is simply not working properly. CTE symptoms include: Problems with Anxiety and Depression Impulse Control and Mood Swings These symptoms alone do not diagnose CTE and can be related to many other disorders and health concerns. If someone has these symptoms they may not necessarily have CTE. PCS & CTE – Diagnosis PCS is real and can be diagnosed by a healthcare professional. Typically, if concussion symptoms persist longer than 3 months a patient is diagnosed with PCS. Research is showing that these symptoms can last anywhere from months to years. CTE is also real but cannot be diagnosed until after death with a brain biopsy. There is currently no other science-based method to officially diagnose CTE. PCS & CTE – Treatment PCS can be treated with the correct multi-disciplinary team and imaging technology that clearly assess brain function and dysfunction. Since there is no known test to diagnose someone with CTE, treatment of CTE may be geared more towards reducing symptoms rather than fixing the brain. Overall, PCS & CTE are both real effects of concussions. These diagnoses need to be taken seriously and can influence the quality of life not only for those dealing with the effects, but for their families and friends. We have spent over a decade researching the brain and concussions. The more we continue to learn about the brain and PCS the more we realize how important it is to take care of your brain. We also know that being able to life your life to the fullest is very important. At CFX, we focus more on Post-Concussion Syndrome and other neurological disorders than CTE, as we have found a way to effectively measure treatment outcomes for those associated with PCS. References: [1] EVOLVE Study, Webinar Slides Pg. 50 (Available Upon Request) Mac Donald CL, Barber J, Jordan M, Johnson AM, Dikmen S, Fann JR, Temkin N. Early Clinical Predictors of 5-Year Outcome After Concussive Blast Traumatic Brain Injury. JAMA Neurol. 2017 May 1. PubMed PMID: 28459953", "citation": "EVOLVE Study, Webinar Slides Pg. 50 (Available Upon Request) Mac Donald CL, Barber J, Jordan M, Johnson AM, Dikmen S, Fann JR, Temkin N. Early Clinical Predictors of 5-Year Outcome After Concussive Blast Traumatic Brain Injury. JAMA Neurol. 2017 May 1. 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